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CSH(1) USER COMMANDS CSH(1) NAME csh - a shell (command interpreter) with a C-like syntax and advanced interactive features SYNOPSIS csh [ -bcefinstvVxX ] [ argument... ] DESCRIPTION csh, the C shell, is a command interpreter with a syntax reminiscent of C. It provides a number of convenient features for interactive use that are not available with the standard (Bourne) shell, including filename completion, com- mand aliasing, history substitution, job control, and a number of built-in commands. As with the standard shell, the C shell provides variable, command and filename substi- tution. Initialization and Termination When first started, the C shell normally performs commands from the .cshrc file in your home directory, provided that it is readable and you either own it or your real group ID matches its group ID. If the shell is invoked with a name that starts with `-', as when started by login(1), the shell runs as a login shell. In this case, after executing com- mands from the .cshrc file, the shell executes commands from the .login file in your home directory; the same permission checks as those for .cshrc are applied to this file. Typi- cally, the .login file contains commands to specify the ter- minal type and environment. As a login shell terminates, it performs commands from the .logout file in your home directory; the same permission checks as those for .cshrc are applied to this file. Interactive Operation After startup processing is complete, an interactive C shell begins reading commands from the terminal, prompting with hostname% (or hostname# for the super-user). The shell then repeatedly performs the following actions: a line of command input is read and broken into words. This sequence of words is placed on the history list and then parsed, as described under USAGE, below. Finally, the shell executes each com- mand in the current line. Noninteractive Operation When running noninteractively, the shell does not prompt for input from the terminal. A noninteractive C shell can exe- cute a command supplied as an argument on its command line, or interpret commands from a script. OPTIONS -b Force a "break" from option processing. Subsequent command-line arguments are not interpreted as C shell options. This allows the passing of options to a script without confusion. The shell does not run a set-user-ID script unless this option is present. -c Read commands from the first filename argument (which must be present). Remaining arguments are placed in argv, the argument-list variable. -e Exit if a command terminates abnormally or yields a nonzero exit status. -f Fast start. Read neither the .cshrc file, nor the .login file (if a login shell) upon startup. -i Forced interactive. Prompt for command-line input, even if the standard input does not appear to be a terminal (character-special device). -n Parse (interpret), but do not execute commands. This option can be used to check C shell scripts for syntax errors. -s Take commands from the standard input. -t Read and execute a single command line. A `\' (backslash) can be used to escape each NEWLINE for con- tinuation of the command line onto subsequent input lines. -v Verbose. Set the verbose predefined variable; command input is echoed after history substitution (but before other substitutions) and before execution. -V Set verbose before reading .cshrc. -x Echo. Set the echo variable; echo commands after all substitutions and just before execution. -X Set echo before reading .cshrc. Except with the options -c, -i, -s or -t, the first nonop- tion argument is taken to be the name of a command or script. It is passed as argument zero, and subsequent argu- ments are added to the argument list for that command or script. USAGE Refer to Doing More with SunOS for tutorial information on how to use the various features of the C shell. Filename Completion When enabled by setting the variable filec, an interactive C shell can complete a partially typed filename or user name. When an unambiguous partial filename is followed by an ESC character on the terminal input line, the shell fills in the remaining characters of a matching filename from the working directory. If a partial filename is followed by the EOF character (usu- ally typed as CTRL-D), the shell lists all filenames that match. It then prompts once again, supplying the incomplete command line typed in so far. When the last (partial) word begins with a tilde (~), the shell attempts completion with a user name, rather than a file in the working directory. The terminal bell signals errors or multiple matches; this can be inhibited by setting the variable nobeep. You can exclude files with certain suffixes by listing those suf- fixes in the variable fignore. If, however, the only possi- ble completion includes a suffix in the list, it is not ignored. fignore does not affect the listing of filenames by the EOF character. Lexical Structure The shell splits input lines into words at SPACE and TAB characters, except as noted below. The characters &, |, ;, <, >, (, and ) form separate words; if paired, the pairs form single words. These shell metacharacters can be made part of other words, and their special meaning can be suppressed by preceding them with a `\' (backslash). A NEW- LINE preceded by a \ is equivalent to a SPACE character. In addition, a string enclosed in matched pairs of single- quotes ('), double-quotes ("), or backquotes (`), forms a partial word; metacharacters in such a string, including any SPACE or TAB characters, do not form separate words. Within pairs of backquote (`) or double-quote (") characters, a NEWLINE preceded by a `\' (backslash) gives a true NEWLINE character. Additional functions of each type of quote are described, below, under Variable Substitution, Command Sub- stitution, and Filename Substitution. When the shell's input is not a terminal, the character # introduces a comment that continues to the end of the input line. Its special meaning is suppressed when preceded by a \ or enclosed in matching quotes. Command Line Parsing A simple command is composed of a sequence of words. The first word (that is not part of an I/O redirection) specifies the command to be executed. A simple command, or a set of simple commands separated by | or |& characters, forms a pipeline. With |, the standard output of the preceding command is redirected to the standard input of the command that follows. With |&, both the standard error and the standard output are redirected through the pipeline. Pipelines can be separated by semicolons (;), in which case they are executed sequentially. Pipelines that are separated by && or || form conditional sequences in which the execu- tion of pipelines on the right depends upon the success or failure, respectively, of the pipeline on the left. A pipeline or sequence can be enclosed within parentheses `( )' to form a simple command that can be a component in a pipeline or sequence. A sequence of pipelines can be executed asynchronously, or "in the background" by appending an `&'; rather than waiting for the sequence to finish before issuing a prompt, the shell displays the job number (see Job Control, below) and associated process IDs, and prompts immediately. History Substitution History substitution allows you to use words from previous command lines in the command line you are typing. This sim- plifies spelling corrections and the repetition of compli- cated commands or arguments. Command lines are saved in the history list, the size of which is controlled by the history variable. The most recent command is retained in any case. A history substitution begins with a ! (although you can change this with the histchars variable) and may occur any- where on the command line; history substitutions do not nest. The ! can be escaped with \ to suppress its special meaning. Input lines containing history substitutions are echoed on the terminal after being expanded, but before any other sub- stitutions take place or the command gets executed. Event Designators An event designator is a reference to a command-line entry in the history list. ! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a SPACE character, TAB, NEWLINE, = or (. !! Refer to the previous command. By itself, this substitution repeats the previous command. !n Refer to command-line n. !-n Refer to the current command-line minus n. !str Refer to the most recent command starting with str. !?str[?] Refer to the most recent command containing str. !{...} Insulate a history reference from adjacent charac- ters (if necessary). Word Designators A `:' (colon) separates the event specification from the word designator. It can be omitted if the word designator begins with a , $, *, - or %. If the word is to be selected from^ the previous command, the second ! character can be omitted from the event specification. For instance, !!:1 and !:1 both refer to the first word of the previous command, while !!$ and !$ both refer to the last word in the previous command. Word designators include: # The entire command line typed so far. 0 The first input word (command). n The n'th argument. The first argument, that is, 1. $ The last argument. % The word matched by (the most recent) ?s search. x-y A range of words; -y abbreviates 0-y. * All the arguments, or a null value if there is just one word in the event. x* Abbreviates x-$. x- Like x* but omitting word $. Modifiers After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a :. h Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving the head. r Remove a trailing suffix of the form `.xxx', leav- ing the basename. e Remove all but the suffix. s/l/r[/] Substitute r for l. t Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. & Repeat the previous substitution. g Apply the change to the first occurrence of a match in each word, by prefixing the above (for example, g&). p Print the new command but do not execute it. q Quote the substituted words, escaping further sub- stitutions. x Like q, but break into words at each SPACE charac- ter, TAB or NEWLINE. Unless preceded by a g, the modification is applied only to the first string that matches l; an error results if no string matches. The left-hand side of substitutions are not regular expres- sions, but character strings. Any character can be used as the delimiter in place of /. A backslash quotes the delim- iter character. The character &, in the right hand side, is replaced by the text from the left-hand-side. The & can be quoted with a backslash. A null l uses the previous string either from a l or from a contextual scan string s from !?s. You can omit the rightmost delimiter if a NEWLINE immedi- ately follows r; the rightmost ? in a context scan can simi- larly be omitted. Without an event specification, a history reference refers either to the previous command, or to a previous history reference on the command line (if any). Quick Substitution l r[ ] ^ ^ This is equivalent to the history substitution: !:s l r[ ]. ^ ^ ^ Aliases The C shell maintains a list of aliases that you can create, display, and modify using the alias and unalias commands. The shell checks the first word in each command to see if it matches the name of an existing alias. If it does, the com- mand is reprocessed with the alias definition replacing its name; the history substitution mechanism is made available as though that command were the previous input line. This allows history substitutions, escaped with a backslash in the definition, to be replaced with actual command-line arguments when the alias is used. If no history substitu- tion is called for, the arguments remain unchanged. Aliases can be nested. That is, an alias definition can con- tain the name of another alias. Nested aliases are expanded before any history substitutions is applied. This is useful in pipelines such as alias lm 'ls -l \!* | more' which when called, pipes the output of ls(1V) through more(1). Except for the first word, the name of the alias may not appear in its definition, nor in any alias referred to by its definition. Such loops are detected, and cause an error message. I/O Redirection The following metacharacters indicate that the subsequent word is the name of a file to which the command's standard input, standard output, or standard error is redirected; this word is variable, command, and filename expanded separately from the rest of the command. < Redirect the standard input. < >! >& >&! Redirect the standard output to a file. If the file does not exist, it is created. If it does exist, it is overwritten; its previ- ous contents are lost. When set, the variable noclobber prevents destruction of existing files. It also prevents redirection to terminals and /dev/null, unless one of the ! forms is used. The & forms redirect both standard output and the standard error (diagnostic output) to the file. >> >>& >>! >>&! Append the standard output. Like >, but places output at the end of the file rather than overwriting it. If noclobber is set, it is an error for the file not to exist, unless one of the ! forms is used. The & forms append both the standard error and standard output to the file. Variable Substitution The C shell maintains a set of variables, each of which is composed of a name and a value. A variable name consists of up to 20 letters and digits, and starts with a letter (the underscore is considered a letter). A variable's value is a space-separated list of zero or more words. To refer to a variable's value, precede its name with a `$'. Certain references (described below) can be used to select specific words from the value, or to display other informa- tion about the variable. Braces can be used to insulate the reference from other characters in an input-line word. Variable substitution takes place after the input line is analyzed, aliases are resolved, and I/O redirections are applied. Exceptions to this are variable references in I/O redirections (substituted at the time the redirection is made), and backquoted strings (see Command Substitution). Variable substitution can be suppressed by preceding the $ with a \, except within double-quotes where it always occurs. Variable substitution is suppressed inside of single-quotes. A $ is escaped if followed by a SPACE char- acter, TAB or NEWLINE. Variables can be created, displayed, or destroyed using the set and unset commands. Some variables are maintained or used by the shell. For instance, the argv variable contains an image of the shell's argument list. Of the variables used by the shell, a number are toggles; the shell does not care what their value is, only whether they are set or not. Numerical values can be operated on as numbers (as with the @ built-in). With numeric operations, an empty value is considered to be zero; the second and subsequent words of multiword values are ignored. For instance, when the ver- bose variable is set to any value (including an empty value), command input is echoed on the terminal. Command and filename substitution is subsequently applied to the words that result from the variable substitution, except when suppressed by double-quotes, when noglob is set (suppressing filename substitution), or when the reference is quoted with the :q modifier. Within double-quotes, a reference is expanded to form (a portion of) a quoted string; multiword values are expanded to a string with embedded SPACE characters. When the :q modifier is applied to the reference, it is expanded to a list of space- separated words, each of which is quoted to prevent subse- quent command or filename substitutions. Except as noted below, it is an error to refer to a variable that is not set. $var ${var} These are replaced by words from the value of var, each separated by a SPACE character. If var is an environment variable, its value is returned (but `:' modifiers and the other forms given below are not available). $var[index] ${var[index]} These select only the indicated words from the value of var. Variable substitution is applied to index, which may consist of (or result in) a either single number, two numbers separated by a `-', or an asterisk. Words are indexed starting from 1; a `*' selects all words. If the first number of a range is omitted (as with $argv[-2]), it defaults to 1. If the last number of a range is omitted (as with $argv[1-]), it defaults to $#var (the word count). It is not an error for a range to be empty if the second argument is omitted (or within range). $#name ${#name} These give the number of words in the vari- able. $0 This substitutes the name of the file from which command input is being read. An error occurs if the name is not known. $n ${n} Equivalent to $argv[n]. $* Equivalent to $argv[*]. The modifiers :e, :h, :q, :r, :t and :x can be applied (see History Substitution), as can :gh, :gt and :gr. If {} (braces) are used, then the modifiers must appear within the braces. The current implementation allows only one such modifier per expansion. The following references may not be modified with : modif- iers. $?var ${?var} Substitutes the string 1 if var is set or 0 if it is not set. $?0 Substitutes 1 if the current input filename is known, or 0 if it is not. $$ Substitute the process number of the (parent) shell. $< Substitutes a line from the standard input, with no further interpretation thereafter. It can be used to read from the keyboard in a C shell script. Command and Filename Substitutions Command and filename substitutions are applied selectively to the arguments of built-in commands. Portions of expres- sions that are not evaluated are not expanded. For non- built-in commands, filename expansion of the command name is done separately from that of the argument list; expansion occurs in a subshell, after I/O redirection is performed. Command Substitution A command enclosed by backquotes (`...`) is performed by a subshell. Its standard output is broken into separate words at each SPACE character, TAB and NEWLINE; null words are discarded. This text replaces the backquoted string on the current command line. Within double-quotes, only NEWLINE characters force new words; SPACE and TAB characters are preserved. However, a final NEWLINE is ignored. It is therefore possible for a command substitution to yield a partial word. Filename Substitution Unquoted words containing any of the characters *, ?, [ or {, or that begin with ~, are expanded (also known as glob- bing) to an alphabetically sorted list of filenames, as fol- lows: * Match any (zero or more) characters. ? Match any single character. [ ... ] Match any single character in the enclosed list(s) or range(s). A list is a string of characters. A range is two characters separated by a minus-sign (-), and includes all the characters in between in the ASCII collating sequence (see ascii(7)). { str, str, ... } Expand to each string (or filename-matching pattern) in the comma-separated list. Unlike the pattern-matching expressions above, the expansion of this construct is not sorted. For instance, {b,a} expands to `b' `a', (not `a' `b'). As special cases, the characters { and }, along with the string {}, are passed undisturbed. ~[ user ] Your home directory, as indicated by the value of the variable home, or that of user, as indicated by the password entry for user. Only the patterns *, ? and [...] imply pattern matching; an error results if no filename matches a pattern that contains them. The `.' (dot character), when it is the first charac- ter in a filename or pathname component, must be matched explicitly. The / (slash) must also be matched explicitly. Expressions and Operators A number of C shell built-in commands accept expressions, in which the operators are similar to those of C and have the same precedence. These expressions typically appear in the @, exit, if, set and while commands, and are often used to regulate the flow of control for executing commands. Com- ponents of an expression are separated by white space. Null or missing values are considered 0. The result of all expressions are strings, which may represent decimal numbers. The following C shell operators are grouped in order of pre- cedence: (...) grouping ~ one's complement ! logical negation * / % multiplication, division, remainder (These are right associative, which can lead to unexpected results. Group combinations explicitly with parentheses.) + - addition, subtraction (also right associative) << >> bitwise shift left, bitwise shift right < > <= >= less than, greater than, less than or equal to, greater than or equal to == != =~ !~ equal to, not equal to, filename- substitution pattern match (described below), filename- substitution pattern mismatch & bitwise AND bitwise XOR (exclusive or) | bitwise inclusive OR && logical AND || logical OR The operators: ==, !=, =~, and !~ compare their arguments as strings; other operators use numbers. The operators =~ and !~ each check whether or not a string to the left matches a filename substitution pattern on the right. This reduces the need for switch statements when pattern-matching between strings is all that is required. Also available are file inquiries: -r filename Return true, or 1 if the user has read access. Otherwise it returns false, or 0. -w filename True if the user has write access. -x filename True if the user has execute permission (or search permission on a directory). -e filename True if file exists. -o filename True if the user owns file. -z filename True if file is of zero length (empty). -f filename True if file is a plain file. -d filename True if file is a directory. If file does not exist or is inaccessible, then all inquiries return false. An inquiry as to the success of a command is also available: { command } If command runs successfully, the expression evaluates to true, 1. Otherwise it evaluates to false 0. (Note that, conversely, command itself typically returns 0 when it runs suc- cessfully, or some other value if it encounters a problem. If you want to get at the status directly, use the value of the status variable rather than this expression). Control Flow The shell contains a number of commands to regulate the flow of control in scripts, and within limits, from the terminal. These commands operate by forcing the shell either to reread input (to loop), or to skip input under certain conditions (to branch). Each occurrence of a foreach, switch, while, if...then and else built-in must appear as the first word on its own input line. If the shell's input is not seekable and a loop is being read, that input is buffered. The shell performs seeks within the internal buffer to accomplish the rereading implied by the loop. (To the extent that this allows, back- ward goto commands will succeed on nonseekable inputs.) Command Execution If the command is a C shell built-in, the shell executes it directly. Otherwise, the shell searches for a file by that name with execute access. If the command-name contains a /, the shell takes it as a pathname, and searches for it. If the command-name does not contain a /, the shell attempts to resolve it to a pathname, searching each directory in the path variable for the command. To speed the search, the shell uses its hash table (see the rehash built-in) to elim- inate directories that have no applicable files. This hash- ing can be disabled with the -c or -t, options, or the unhash built-in. As a special case, if there is no / in the name of the script and there is an alias for the word shell, the expan- sion of the shell alias is prepended (without modification), to the command line. The system attempts to execute the first word of this special (late-occurring) alias, which should be a full pathname. Remaining words of the alias's definition, along with the text of the input line, are treated as arguments. When a pathname is found that has proper execute permis- sions, the shell forks a new process and passes it, along with its arguments to the kernel (using the execve(2V) sys- tem call). The kernel then attempts to overlay the new pro- cess with the desired program. If the file is an executable binary (in a.out(5) format) the kernel succeeds, and begins executing the new process. If the file is a text file, and the first line begins with #!, the next word is taken to be the pathname of a shell (or command) to interpret that script. Subsequent words on the first line are taken as options for that shell. The kernel invokes (overlays) the indicated shell, using the name of the script as an argu- ment. If neither of the above conditions holds, the kernel cannot overlay the file (the execve(2V) call fails); the C shell then attempts to execute the file by spawning a new shell, as follows: + If the first character of the file is a #, a C shell is invoked. + Otherwise, a standard (Bourne) shell is invoked. Signal Handling The shell normally ignores QUIT signals. Background jobs are immune to signals generated from the keyboard, including hangups (HUP). Other signals have the values that the C shell inherited from its environment. The shell's handling of interrupt and terminate signals within scripts can be controlled by the onintr built-in. Login shells catch the TERM signal; otherwise this signal is passed on to child processes. In no case are interrupts allowed when a login shell is reading the .logout file. Job Control The shell associates a numbered job with each command sequence, to keep track of those commands that are running in the background or have been stopped with TSTP signals (typically CTRL-Z). When a command, or command sequence (semicolon separated list), is started in the background using the & metacharacter, the shell displays a line with the job number in brackets, and a list of associated process numbers: [1] 1234 To see the current list of jobs, use the jobs built-in com- mand. The job most recently stopped (or put into the back- ground if none are stopped) is referred to as the current job, and is indicated with a `+'. The previous job is indi- cated with a `-'; when the current job is terminated or moved to the foreground, this job takes its place (becomes the new current job). To manipulate jobs, refer to the bg, fg, kill, stop and % built-ins. A reference to a job begins with a `%'. By itself, the percent-sign refers to the current job. % %+ %% The current job. %- The previous job. %j Refer to job j as in: `kill -9 %j'. j can be a job number, or a string that uniquely specifies the command-line by which it was started; `fg %vi' might bring a stopped vi job to the foreground, for instance. %?string Specify the job for which the command-line uniquely contains string. A job running in the background stops when it attempts to read from the terminal. Background jobs can normally pro- duce output, but this can be suppressed using the `stty tos- top' command. Status Reporting While running interactively, the shell tracks the status of each job and reports whenever a finishes or becomes blocked. It normally displays a message to this effect as it issues a prompt, so as to avoid disturbing the appearance of your input. When set, the notify variable indicates that the shell is to report status changes immediately. By default, the notify command marks the current process; after starting a background job, type notify to mark it. Built-In Commands Built-in commands are executed within the C shell. If a built-in command occurs as any component of a pipeline except the last, it is executed in a subshell. : Null command. This command is interpreted, but performs no action. alias [ name [ def ] ] Assign def to the alias name. def is a list of words that may contain escaped history- substitution metasyntax. name is not allowed to be alias or unalias. If def is omitted, the alias name is displayed along with its current defini- tion. If both name and def are omitted, all aliases are displayed. bg [%job] ... Run the current or specified jobs in the back- ground. break Resume execution after the end of the nearest enclosing foreach or while loop. The remaining commands on the current line are executed. This allows multilevel breaks to be written as a list of break commands, all on one line. breaksw Break from a switch, resuming after the endsw. case label: A label in a switch statement. cd [ dir ] chdir [ dir ] Change the shell's working directory to directory dir. If no argument is given, change to the home directory of the user. If dir is a relative path- name not found in the current directory, check for it in those directories listed in the cdpath vari- able. If dir is the name of a shell variable whose value starts with a /, change to the direc- tory named by that value. continue Continue execution of the nearest enclosing while or foreach. default: Labels the default case in a switch statement. The default should come after all case labels. Any remaining commands on the command line are first executed. dirs [ -l ] Print the directory stack, most recent to the left; the first directory shown is the current directory. With the -l argument, produce an unab- breviated printout; use of the ~ notation is suppressed. echo [ -n ] list The words in list are written to the shell's stan- dard output, separated by SPACE characters. The output is terminated with a NEWLINE unless the -n option is used. eval argument ... Reads the arguments as input to the shell, and executes the resulting command(s). This is usu- ally used to execute commands generated as the result of command or variable substitution, since parsing occurs before these substitutions. See tset(1) for an example of how to use eval. exec command Execute command in place of the current shell, which terminates. exit [ (expr) ] The shell exits, either with the value of the status variable, or with the value of the speci- fied by the expression expr. fg % [ job ] Bring the current or specified job into the fore- ground. foreach var (wordlist) ... end The variable var is successively set to each member of wordlist. The sequence of commands between this command and the matching end is exe- cuted for each new value of var. (Both foreach and end must appear alone on separate lines.) The built-in command continue may be used to con- tinue the loop prematurely and the built-in com- mand break to terminate it prematurely. When this command is read from the terminal, the loop is read up once prompting with ? before any state- ments in the loop are executed. glob wordlist Perform filename expansion on wordlist. Like echo, but no \ escapes are recognized. Words are delimited by null characters in the output. goto label The specified label is filename and command expanded to yield a label. The shell rewinds its input as much as possible and searches for a line of the form label: possibly preceded by SPACE or TAB characters. Execution continues after the indicated line. It is an error to jump to a label that occurs between a while or for built-in, and its corresponding end. hashstat Print a statistics line indicating how effective the internal hash table has been at locating com- mands (and avoiding execs). An exec is attempted for each component of the path where the hash function indicates a possible hit, and in each component that does not begin with a `/'. history [ -hr ] [ n ] Display the history list; if n is given, display only the n most recent events. -r Reverse the order of printout to be most recent first rather than oldest first. -h Display the history list without leading numbers. This is used to produce files suit- able for sourcing using the -h option to source. if (expr) command If the specified expression evaluates to true, the single command with arguments is executed. Vari- able substitution on command happens early, at the same time it does for the rest of the if command. command must be a simple command, not a pipeline, a command list, or a parenthesized command list. Note: I/O redirection occurs even if expr is false, when command is not executed (this is a bug). if (expr) then ... else if (expr2) then ... else ... endif If expr is true, commands up to the first else are executed. Otherwise, if expr2 is true, the commands between the else if and the second else are executed. Otherwise, commands between the else and the endif are executed. Any number of else if pairs are allowed, but only one else. Only one endif is needed, but it is required. The words else and endif must be the first nonwhite characters on a line. The if must appear alone on its input line or after an else.) jobs[ -l ] List the active jobs under job control. -l List process IDs, in addition to the normal information. kill [ -sig ] [ pid ] [ %job ] ... kill -l Send the TERM (terminate) signal, by default, or the signal specified, to the specified process ID, the job indicated, or the current job. Signals are either given by number or by name. There is no default. Typing kill does not send a signal to the current job. If the signal being sent is TERM (terminate) or HUP (hangup), then the job or pro- cess is sent a CONT (continue) signal as well. -l List the signal names that can be sent. limit [ -h ] [ resource [ max-use ] ] Limit the consumption by the current process or any process it spawns, each not to exceed max-use on the specified resource. If max-use is omitted, print the current limit; if resource is omitted, display all limits. -h Use hard limits instead of the current lim- its. Hard limits impose a ceiling on the values of the current limits. Only the super-user may raise the hard limits. resource is one of: cputime Maximum CPU seconds per pro- cess. filesize Largest single file allowed. datasize Maximum data size (including stack) for the process. stacksize Maximum stack size for the process. coredumpsize Maximum size of a core dump (file). descriptors Maximum value for a file descriptor. max-use is a number, with an optional scaling fac- tor, as follows: nh Hours (for cputime). nk n kilobytes. This is the default for all but cputime. nm n megabytes or minutes (for cputime). mm:ss Minutes and seconds (for cpu- time). login [ username|-p ] Terminate a login shell and invoke login(1). The .logout file is not processed. If username is omitted, login prompts for the name of a user. -p Preserve the current environment (variables). logout Terminate a login shell. nice [ +n|-n ] [ command ] Increment the process priority value for the shell or for command by n. The higher the priority value, the lower the priority of a process, and the slower it runs. When given, command is always run in a subshell, and the restrictions placed on commands in simple if commands apply. If command is omitted, nice increments the value for the current shell. If no increment is specified, nice sets the nice value to 4. The range of nice values is from -20 through 19. Values of n out- side this range set the value to the lower, or to the higher boundary, respectively. +n Increment the process priority value by n. -n Decrement by n. This argument can be used only by the super-user. nohup [ command ] Run command with HUPs ignored. With no arguments, ignore HUPs throughout the remainder of a script. When given, command is always run in a subshell, and the restrictions placed on commands in simple if commands apply. All processes detached with & are effectively nohup'd. notify [ %job ] ... Notify the user asynchronously when the status of the current, or of specified jobs, changes. onintr [ - | label] Control the action of the shell on interrupts. With no arguments, onintr restores the default action of the shell on interrupts. (The shell terminates shell scripts and returns to the termi- nal command input level). With the - argument, the shell ignores all interrupts. With a label argument, the shell executes a goto label when an interrupt is received or a child process ter- minates because it was interrupted. popd [+n] Pop the directory stack, and cds to the new top directory. The elements of the directory stack are numbered from 0 starting at the top. +n Discard the n'th entry in the stack. pushd [+n | dir] Push a directory onto the directory stack. With no arguments, exchange the top two elements. +n Rotate the n'th entry to the top of the stack and cd to it. dir Push the current working directory onto the stack and change to dir. rehash Recompute the internal hash table of the contents of directories listed in the path variable to account for new commands added. repeat count command Repeat command count times command is subject to the same restrictions as with the one-line if statement. set [var [ = value ] ] set var[n] = word With no arguments, set displays the values of all shell variables. Multiword values are displayed as a parenthesized list. With the var argument alone, set assigns an empty (null) value to the variable var. With arguments of the form var = value set assigns value to var, where value is one of: word A single word (or quoted string). (wordlist) A space-separated list of words enclosed in parentheses. Values are command and filename expanded before being assigned. The form set var[n] = word replaces the n'th word in a multiword value with word. setenv [ VAR [ word ] ] With no arguments, setenv displays all environment variables. With the VAR argument sets the environment variable VAR to have an empty (null) value. (By convention, environment variables are normally given upper-case names.) With both VAR and word arguments setenv sets the environment variable NAME to the value word, which must be either a single word or a quoted string. The most commonly used environment variables, USER, TERM, and PATH, are automatically imported to and exported from the csh variables user, term, and path; there is no need to use setenv for these. In addition, the shell sets the PWD environment variable from the csh variable cwd whenever the latter changes. shift [ variable ] The components of argv, or variable, if supplied, are shifted to the left, discarding the first com- ponent. It is an error for the variable not to be set, or to have a null value. source [ -h ] name Reads commands from name. source commands may be nested, but if they are nested too deeply the shell may run out of file descriptors. An error in a sourced file at any level terminates all nested source commands. -h Place commands from the file name on the history list without executing them. stop [%job] ... Stop the current or specified background job. suspend Stop the shell in its tracks, much as if it had been sent a stop signal with ^Z. This is most often used to stop shells started by su. switch (string) case label: ... breaksw ... default: ... breaksw endsw Each label is successively matched, against the specified string, which is first command and filename expanded. The file metacharacters *, ? and [...] may be used in the case labels, which are variable expanded. If none of the labels match before a "default" label is found, execution begins after the default label. Each case state- ment and the default statement must appear at the beginning of a line. The command breaksw contin- ues execution after the endsw. Otherwise control falls through subsequent case and default state- ments as with C. If no label matches and there is no default, execution continues after the endsw. time [ command ] With no argument, print a summary of time used by this C shell and its children. With an optional command, execute command and print a summary of the time it uses. umask [ value ] Display the file creation mask. With value set the file creation mask. value is given in octal, and is XORed with the permissions of 666 for files and 777 for directories to arrive at the permis- sions for new files. Common values include 002, giving complete access to the group, and read (and directory search) access to others, or 022, giving read (and directory search) but not write permis- sion to the group and others. unalias pattern Discard aliases that match (filename substitution) pattern. All aliases are removed by unalias *. unhash Disable the internal hash table. unlimit [ -h ] [ resource ] Remove a limitation on resource. If no resource is specified, then all resource limitations are removed. See the description of the limit command for the list of resource names. -h Remove corresponding hard limits. Only the super-user may do this. unset pattern Remove variables whose names match (filename sub- stitution) pattern. All variables are removed by `unset *'; this has noticeably distasteful side- effects. unsetenv variable Remove variable from the environment. Pattern matching, as with unset is not performed. wait Wait for background jobs to finish (or for an interrupt) before prompting. while (expr) ... end While expr is true (evaluates to non-zero), repeat commands between the while and the matching end statement. break and continue may be used to ter- minate or continue the loop prematurely. The while and end must appear alone on their input lines. If the shell's input is a terminal, it prompts for commands with a question-mark until the end command is entered and then performs the commands in the loop. %[ job ] [ & ] Bring the current or indicated job to the fore- ground. With the ampersand, continue running job in the background. @ [ var =expr ] @ [ var[n] =expr ] With no arguments, display the values for all shell variables. With arguments, the variable var, or the n'th word in the value of var, to the value that expr evaluates to. (If [n] is sup- plied, both var and its n'th component must already exist.) If the expression contains the characters >, <, & or |, then at least this part of expr must be placed within parentheses. The operators *=, +=, etc., are available as in C. The space separating the name from the assignment operator is optional. Spaces are, however, manda- tory in separating components of expr that would otherwise be single words. Special postfix operators, ++ and -- increment or decrement name, respectively. Environment Variables and Predefined Shell Variables Unlike the standard shell, the C shell maintains a distinc- tion between environment variables, which are automatically exported to processes it invokes, and shell variables, which are not. Both types of variables are treated similarly under variable substitution. The shell sets the variables argv, cwd, home, path, prompt, shell, and status upon initialization. The shell copies the environment variable USER into the shell variable user, TERM into term, and HOME into home, and copies each back into the respective environ- ment variable whenever the shell variables are reset. PATH and path are similarly handled. You need only set path once in the .cshrc or .login file. The environment variable PWD is set from cwd whenever the latter changes. The following shell variables have predefined meanings: argv Argument list. Contains the list of com- mand line arguments supplied to the current invocation of the shell. This variable determines the value of the posi- tional parameters $1, $2, and so on. cdpath Contains a list of directories to be searched by the cd, chdir, and popd com- mands, if the directory argument each accepts is not a subdirectory of the current directory. cwd The full pathname of the current direc- tory. echo Echo commands (after substitutions), just before execution. fignore A list of filename suffixes to ignore when attempting filename completion. Typically the single word `.o'. filec Enable filename completion, in which case the CTRL-D character CTRL-D) and the ESC character have special significance when typed in at the end of a terminal input line: EOT Print a list of all filenames that start with the preceding string. ESC Replace the preceding string with the longest unambiguous extension. hardpaths If set, pathnames in the directory stack are resolved to contain no symbolic-link components. histchars A two-character string. The first charac- ter replaces ! as the history-substitution character. The second replaces the carat ( ) for quick substitutions. ^ history The number of lines saved in the history list. A very large number may use up all of the C shell's memory. If not set, the C shell saves only the most recent com- mand. home The user's home directory. The filename expansion of ~ refers to the value of this variable. ignoreeof If set, the shell ignores EOF from termi- nals. This protects against accidentally killing a C shell by typing a CTRL-D. mail A list of files where the C shell checks for mail. If the first word of the value is a number, it specifies a mail checking interval in seconds (default 5 minutes). nobeep Suppress the bell during command comple- tion when asking the C shell to extend an ambiguous filename. noclobber Restrict output redirection so that exist- ing files are not destroyed by accident. > redirections can only be made to new files. >> redirections can only be made to existing files. noglob Inhibit filename substitution. This is most useful in shell scripts once filenames (if any) are obtained and no further expansion is desired. nonomatch Returns the filename substitution pattern, rather than an error, if the pattern is not matched. Malformed patterns still result in errors. notify If set, the shell notifies you immediately as jobs are completed, rather than waiting until just before issuing a prompt. path The list of directories in which to search for commands. path is initialized from the environment variable PATH, which the C shell updates whenever path changes. A null word specifies the current directory. The default is typically: (. /usr/ucb /usr/bin). If path becomes unset only full pathnames will execute. An interac- tive C shell will normally hash the con- tents of the directories listed after reading .cshrc, and whenever path is reset. If new commands are added, use the rehash command to update the table. prompt The string an interactive C shell prompts with. Noninteractive shells leave the prompt variable unset. Aliases and other commands in the .cshrc file that are only useful interactively, can be placed after the following test: `if ($?prompt == 0) exit', to reduce startup time for nonin- teractive shells. A ! in the prompt string is replaced by the current event number. The default prompt is hostname% for mere mortals, or hostname# for the super-user. savehist The number of lines from the history list that are saved in ~/.history when the user logs out. Large values for savehist slow down the C shell during startup. shell The file in which the C shell resides. This is used in forking shells to inter- pret files that have execute bits set, but that are not executable by the system. status The status returned by the most recent command. If that command terminated abnormally, 0200 is added to the status. Built-in commands that fail return exit status 1, all other built-in commands set status to 0. time Control automatic timing of commands. Can be supplied with one or two values. The first is the reporting threshold in CPU seconds. The second is a string of tags and text indicating which resources to report on. A tag is a percent sign (%) followed by a single upper-case letter (unrecognized tags print as text): %D Average amount of unshared data space used in Kilobytes. %E Elapsed (wallclock) time for the command. %F Page faults. %I Number of block input opera- tions. %K Average amount of unshared stack space used in Kilobytes. %M Maximum real memory used during execution of the process. %O Number of block output opera- tions. %P Total CPU time - U (user) plus S (system) - as a percentage of E (elapsed) time. %S Number of seconds of CPU time consumed by the kernel on behalf of the user's process. %U Number of seconds of CPU time devoted to the user's process. %W Number of swaps. %X Average amount of shared memory used in Kilobytes. The default summary display outputs from the %U, %S, %E, %P, %X, %D, %I, %O, %F and %W tags, in that order. verbose Display each command after history substi- tution takes place. ENVIRONMENT The environment variables LC_CTYPE, LANG, and LC_default control the character classification throughout all command line parsing. These variables are checked in the following order: LC_CTYPE, LANG, and LC_default. When a valid value is found, remaining environment variables for character classification are ignored. For example, a new setting for LANG does not override the current valid character classifi- cation rules of LC_CTYPE. When none of the values is valid, the shell character classification defaults to the POSIX.1 "C" locale. FILES ~/.cshrc Read at beginning of execution by each shell. ~/.login Read by login shells after .cshrc at login. ~/.logout Read by login shells at logout. ~/.history Saved history for use at next login. /tmp/sh* Temporary file for `<<'. /etc/passwd Source of home directories for `~name'. SEE ALSO login(1), printenv(1), sh(1), tset(1), access(2V), execve(2V), fork(2V), pipe(2V), termio(4), a.out(5), environ(5V), locale(5), ascii(7), iso_8859_1(7) DIAGNOSTICS You have stopped jobs. You attempted to exit the C shell with stopped jobs under job control. An immediate second attempt to exit will succeed, terminating the stopped jobs. LIMITATIONS Words can be no longer than 1024 characters. The system limits argument lists to 1,048,576 characters. However, the maximum number of arguments to a command for which filename expansion applies is 1706. Command substitutions may expand to no more characters than are allowed in the argument list. To detect looping, the shell restricts the number of alias substitutions on a single line to 20. BUGS When a command is restarted from a stop, the shell prints the directory it started in if this is different from the current directory; this can be misleading (that is, wrong) as the job may have changed directories internally. Shell built-in functions are not stoppable/restartable. Command sequences of the form a ; b ; c are also not handled gracefully when stopping is attempted. If you suspend b, the shell never executes c. This is especially noticeable if the expansion results from an alias. It can be avoided by placing the sequence in parentheses to force it into a subshell. Control over terminal output after processes are started is primitive; use the Sun Window system if you need better out- put control. Multiline shell procedures should be provided, as they are with the standard (Bourne) shell. Commands within loops, prompted for by ?, are not placed in the history list. Control structures should be parsed rather than being recog- nized as built-in commands. This would allow control com- mands to be placed anywhere, to be combined with |, and to be used with & and ; metasyntax. It should be possible to use the : modifiers on the output of command substitutions. There are two problems with : modifier usage on variable substitutions: not all of the modifiers are available, and only one modifier per substitu- tion is allowed. The g (global) flag in history substitutions applies only to the first match in each word, rather than all matches in all words. The standard text editors consistently do the latter when given the g flag in a substitution command. Quoting conventions are confusing. Overriding the escape character to force variable substitutions within double quotes is counterintuitive and inconsistent with the Bourne shell. Symbolic links can fool the shell. Setting the hardpaths variable alleviates this. `set path' should remove duplicate pathnames from the path- name list. These often occur because a shell script or a .cshrc file does something like `set path=(/usr/local /usr/hosts $path)' to ensure that the named directories are in the pathname list. The only way to direct the standard output and standard error separately is by invoking a subshell, as follows: example% (command > outfile) >& errorfile Although robust enough for general use, adventures into the esoteric periphery of the C shell may reveal unexpected quirks. Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 2 October 1989