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FIND(1) USER COMMANDS FIND(1) NAME find - find files by name, or by other characteristics SYNOPSIS find pathname-list expression find component DESCRIPTION find recursively descends the directory hierarchy for each pathname in the pathname-list, seeking files that match a logical expression written using the operators listed below. find does not follow symbolic links to other files or direc- tories; it applies the selection criteria to the symbolic links themselves, as if they were ordinary files (see ln(1V) for a description of symbolic links). If the fast-find feature is enabled, find displays pathnames in which a filename component occurs. USAGE Operators In the descriptions, the argument n is used as a decimal integer where +n means more than n, -n means less than n, and n means exactly n. -fstype type True if the filesystem to which the file belongs is of type type, where type is typi- cally 4.2 or nfs. -name filename True if the filename argument matches the current file name. Shell argument syntax can be used if escaped (watch out for [, ? and *). -perm onum True if the file permission flags exactly match the octal number onum (see chmod(1V)). If onum is prefixed by a minus sign, more flag bits (017777, see chmod(1V)) become sig- nificant and the flags are compared: (flags&onum)==onum. -prune Always yields true. Has the side effect of pruning the search tree at the file. That is, if the current path name is a directory, find will not descend into that directory. -type c True if the type of the file is c, where c is one of: b for block special file c c for character special file d for directory f for plain file p for named pipe (FIFO) l for symbolic link s for socket -links n True if the file has n links. -user uname True if the file belongs to the user uname. If uname is numeric and does not appear as a login name in the /etc/passwd database, it is taken as a user ID. -nouser True if the file belongs to a user not in the /etc/passwd database. -group gname True if the file belongs to group gname. If gname is numeric and does not appear as a login name in the /etc/group database, it is taken as a group ID. -nogroup True if the file belongs to a group not in the /etc/group database. -size n True if the file is n blocks long (512 bytes per block). If n is followed by a c, the size is in characters. -inum n True if the file has inode number n. -atime n True if the file has been accessed in n days. Note: the access time of directories in path-name-list is changed by find itself. -mtime n True if the file has been modified in n days. -ctime n True if the file has been changed in n days. "Changed" means either that the file has been modified or some attribute of the file (its owner, its group, the number of links to it, etc.) has been changed. -exec command True if the executed command returns a zero value as exit status. The end of command must be punctuated by an escaped semicolon. A command argument {} is replaced by the current pathname. -ok command Like -exec except that the generated command is written on the standard output, then the standard input is read and the command exe- cuted only upon response y. -print Always true; the current pathname is printed. -ls Always true; prints current pathname together with its associated statistics. These include (respectively) inode number, size in kilobytes (1024 bytes), protection mode, number of hard links, user, group, size in bytes, and modification time. If the file is a special file the size field will instead contain the major and minor device numbers. If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the linked-to file is printed preceded by `->'. The format is identical to that of ls -gilds (see ls(1V)). Note: formatting is done internally, without executing the ls program. -cpio device Always true; write the current file on device in cpio(5) format (5120-byte records). -ncpio device Always true; write the current file on device in cpio -c format (5120-byte records). -newer file True if the current file has been modified more recently than the argument filename. -xdev Always true; find does not traverse down into a file system different from the one on which current argument pathname resides. -depth Always true; find descends the directory hierarchy, acting on the entries in a direc- tory before acting on the directory itself. This can be useful when find is used with cpio(1) to transfer files that are contained in directories without write permission. (expression) True if the parenthesized expression is true. Note: Parentheses are special to the shell and must be escaped. !primary True if the primary is false (! is the unary not operator). primary1 [ -a ] primary2 True if both primary1 and primary2 are true. The -a is not required. It is implied by the juxtaposition of two primaries. primary1 -o primary2 True if either primary1 or primary2 is true (-o is the or operator). Fast-Find The fast-find feature is enabled by the presence of the find.codes database in /usr/lib/find. You must be root to build or update this database by running the updatedb script in that same directory. You may wish to modify the updatedb script to suit your needs. An alternate database can be specified by setting the FCODES environment variable. EXAMPLE In our local development system, we keep a file called TIMESTAMP in all the manual page directories. Here is how to find all entries that have been updated since TIMESTAMP was created: example% find /usr/share/unixworld/man/man2 -newer /usr/share/unixworld/man/man2/TIMESTAMP -print /usr/share/unixworld/man/man2 /usr/share/unixworld/man/man2/socket.2 /usr/share/unixworld/man/man2/mmap.2 example% To find all the files called intro.ms starting from the current directory: example% find . -name intro.ms -print ./manuals/assembler/intro.ms ./manuals/sun.core/intro.ms ./manuals/driver.tut/intro.ms ./manuals/sys.manager/uucp.impl/intro.ms ./supplements/general.works/unix.introduction/intro.ms ./supplements/programming.tools/sccs/intro.ms example% To recursively print all files names in the current direc- tory and below, but skipping SCCS directories: example% find . -name SCCS -prune -o -print example% To recursively print all files names in the current direc- tory and below, skipping the contents of SCCS directories, but printing out the SCCS directory name: example% find . -print -name SCCS -prune example% To remove files beneath your home directory named a.out or *.o that have not been accessed for a week and that are not mounted using NFS: example% cd example% find . \( -name a.out -o -name '*.o' \) -atime +7 -exec rm {} \; -o -fstype nfs -prune FILES /usr/lib/find/find.codes database for fast find /usr/lib/find/updatedb script to update fast-find database /usr/lib/find/code fast-find database utilities /usr/lib/find/bigram ENVIRONMENT FCODES alternate database for fast find SEE ALSO chmod(1V), cpio(1), ln(1V), ls(1V), sh(1), test(1V), cpio(5), fs(5) Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 6 January 1989